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How centuries of division built one of the most unequal countries on earth.
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For decades, South Africa was under apartheid: a series of laws that divided people by race. Then, in the 1990s, those laws were dismantled. But many of the barriers they created continue to divide South Africans by skin color - which in turn determines their quality of life, access to jobs, and wealth. Racial division was built into the fabric of cities throughout South Africa, and it still hasn't been uprooted.
That's partly because, while apartheid was the culmination of South Africa's racial divisions, it wasn't the beginning of them. That story starts closer to the 1800s, when the British built a network of railroads that transformed the region's economy into one that excluded most Black people -- and then made that exclusion the law.
Sources and further reading:
If you want to learn more about the railroads and how they impacted Cape Colony’s economy, check out this paper by Johan Fourie and Alonso Herranz Loncan:
https://academic.oup.com/ereh/....article-abstract/22/
To understand segregation in South Africa’s major urban centers, take a look at this paper about segregation and inequality:
https://www.seri-sa.org/images..../SERI_Edged_out_repo
For more information on post-Apartheid cities, you can read this paper by Edgar Pieterse (who we feature in the video):
https://www.africancentreforci....ties.net/wp-content/
To explore the history and legacy of District Six, visit the District Six Museum website:
https://www.districtsix.co.za/
Thanks for watching and let us know what you think in the comments!
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Booming cities on the eastern coast of Africa come in contact with dynastic China in the 8th century. For centuries, rumors and sporadic contact bring the two distant worlds ever closer. Then, in the 15th century, Zheng He leads a massive expedition to Africa. This is what he saw.
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SOURCES
Jinyuan, G. (1984). China and Africa: The Development of Relations over Many Centuries. African Affairs. African Affairs, 83(331), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.2307/721561
Chirikure, S. (2014). Land and Sea Links: 1500 years of connectivity between Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean Rim regions, AD 700 to 1700. African Archaeological Review, 31(4), 705–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-014-9171-6
Dashu, Q. (2022, April 9). An investigation of Chinese ceramics discovered in Kenya and major conclusions. ART.ZIP. Retrieved August 31, 2022, from https://www.artzip.org/investi....gation-chinese-ceram
Levathes, L. (1994). When China ruled the seas: The treasure fleet of the dragon throne, 1405-1433. Oxford University Press.
A key secondary source for Zheng He's voyages.
Nuwer, R. (2013, March 15). Six centuries ago, Chinese explorers left this coin behind in Africa. Smithsonian.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com..../smart-news/six-cent
Smidt, W. G. C. (2001). A Chinese in the Nubian and Abyssinian Kingdoms (8th century). Chroniques Yéménites, (9). https://doi.org/10.4000/cy.33
Snow, P. (1989). The Star Raft: China's encounter with Africa. Cornell University Press.
This work provided much of the information on Chinese-African contact prior to Zheng He.
Sudnik, M. (2021, February 23). Cultural Exchange in the tang dynasty - the journey of a tomb figure. Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved August 31, 2022, from https://asia.si.edu/learn/for-....educators/teaching-c
Tagliacozzo, E. (2022). From China to Africa: Prolegomenon. In In Asian waters: Oceanic worlds from Yemen to Yokohama (pp. 25–51). essay, Princeton University Press.
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Today, the Songhai Empire is all but forgotten by history. But this medieval kingdom was once the most powerful force in Africa.
Find out how this civilization grew up on the fringes of the Sahara Desert, among some of the most extreme conditions that nature can throw at us. Discover how it grew and flourished, passing through a process known as the imperial cycle, and learn about what ultimately caused its sudden and dramatic collapse.
SOURCES: https://www.patreon.com/posts/29534736
Credits:
Sound engineering by Thomas Ntinas
Voice Actors:
Jake Barrett-Mills
Rhy Brignell
Bryan Tshiobi
Pip Willett
Music by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: incompetech.com/
Title theme: Home At Last by John Bartmann. https://johnbartmann.com/
Special thanks to the Trust for African Rock Art (TARA) and Emma Silvester at Royal African Safaris for footage of the Dabous Giraffe: www.africanrockart.org
UPDATE: You can now buy the book at the UsefulCharts store: https://usefulcharts.com/colle....ctions/books/product
More Africa videos:
Ethiopian Emperors Family Tree: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKGAytshAq0&list=PL5Ag9n-o0IZD41_L1X1l0PdNsqtNr0aJY&index=40
Mali Emperors Family Tree: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CxHARorp3I&list=PL5Ag9n-o0IZD41_L1X1l0PdNsqtNr0aJY&index=48
Rain Queens Family Tree: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHEJy61HWqc&list=PL5Ag9n-o0IZD41_L1X1l0PdNsqtNr0aJY&index=37
Zulu Kings Family Tree: https://youtu.be/NsoQRh2aqZQ
Swazi Kings Family Tree: https://youtu.be/b7Ev6i3wXLA
Video Credits:
Charts/Narration: Matt Baker https://usefulcharts.com/
Animation: Syawish Rehman https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCf0O2efB4K66UUaT7
Audio Editing: Jack Rackam https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCaQzyr4MWn1b9W4Td
Intro music: "Lord of the Land" by Kevin MacLeod and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0. http://incompetech.com
The history of Africa from ancient Africa to decolonization.
CHECK OUT MY HISTORY OF THE WORLD DOCUMENTARY THAT COVERS ALL AREAS AND TIME PERIODS:
https://youtu.be/T5PwyuzSYcs
The history of Africa is long, complex, and has often been under-appreciated by the global historical community. Africa, particularly Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes). The earliest hominids and their ancestors have been dated to around 7 million years ago, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster— the earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) remains, found in Ethiopia, South Africa, and Morocco, date to circa 200,000, 259,000, and 300,000 years ago respectively, and Homo sapiens is believed to have originated in Africa around 350,000–260,000 years ago.
Early human civilizations, such as Ancient Egypt and Carthage emerged in North Africa. Following a subsequent long and complex history of civilizations, migration and trade, Africa hosts a large diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. The last 400 years have witnessed an increasing European influence on the continent. Starting in the 16th century, this was driven by trade, including the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, which created large African diaspora populations in the Americas. In the late 19th century, European countries colonized almost all of Africa, extracting resources from the continent and exploiting local communities; most present states in Africa emerged from a process of decolonisation in the 20th century.
Check out our new documentary series on the Ancient Period! Playlist chapters can be found here;
https://www.youtube.com/c/madeinhistory/playlists?view=50&sort=dd&shelf_id=1
Check out our WORLD DOCUMENTARY playlist:
https://youtube.com/playlist?l....ist=PLaWQkkziGGfcm0z
Check out our playlists by PERIOD:
ANCIENT: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLaWQkkziGGf
MEDIEVAL: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLaWQkkziGGf
MODERN: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLaWQkkziGGf
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All images used with CC license.
Music used:
Bianca Ban- Spirit of Africa
Egyptian Instrumental Music No Copyright
Epic Dark Music - Werewolf
Inspirational Africa Epic Fantasy
West Africana African Background music royalty free
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African Kingdoms, Sokoto Caliphate, Mali Empire, Kingdom of Kongo, Rozvi Empire, Ashanti, Oyo, Kingdom of Benin, Funj, African History, Moroccan History, Barbary States, Mutapa, Zulu Kingdom, Xhosa
In this first episode, Zeinab Badawi travels across the continent examining the origins of humankind; how and why we evolved in Africa - Africa is the greatest exporter of all time: every human being originated in Africa.
During her journey Zeinab is granted rare access to the actual bones of one of the most iconic discoveries in the field of palaeontology, ‘Lucy' in Ethiopia, or as she is known in Amharic, ‘Dinkenesh’, which means ‘you are marvellous’.
Zeinab also spends time in Tanzania with a tribe that is unique in the world because they live in the way our ancestors did, as hunters of big animals and gatherers. This community who have rarely been filmed provide a fascinating insight into how we have lived for most of our history.
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